Economics As An Area Of Study And Research - 1372 Words

Economics Name Course Tutor Module Institution Introduction Economics as an area of study and research borrows from the social and scientific aspects of life. The interplay between the two principles helps in the formulation of ideals that influence distribution, production, and consumption. Right from the ancient times understanding and definition of the term dwelled on the issue of political economy. Nonetheless, developments by made scholars in the sector saw the formulation of new meanings that separated economics from other political and social sciences. Marshall (2004) noted that the essence of economics is to study the interaction and behavior of various economic factors that determine how economies work (Marshall 2004). Understanding of economics calls for the division of the subject into two main branches. The areas are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the basic form of economics in the society. It examines the roles of households, individual consumers, and markets in a given region. On the other hand, macroeconomics examines the factors that affect the larger components of the economy. It focuses on issues such as national investment, consumption, production, and savings. It further analyzes other factors that affect the performance of the components such as unemployment, and fiscal and monetary policies (Taussig 2013). Microeconomics As one of the major sub categories, microeconomics looks at the interaction of factors that create aShow MoreRelatedGender Relations Between Rural Areas And The West Of Iran1580 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Relations in Rural Areas Summary of the Article   This paper gives a detailed analysis of a peer-reviewed sociology paper to discuss the theme in the paper, giving a summary of the article with research methods and research findings plus relevance of the paper ‘Geographical Perspective on Gender Relations in Rural Areas; a Comparative Study in North and West  of Iran’. The article ‘Geographical Perspective on Gender Relations in Rural Areas; a Comparative Study in North and West of Iran’ featuredRead MoreCWF As An Equitable And Effective Public Health Case Study1375 Words   |  6 Pagesconditions and search terms shown that there is a very small number of contemporary studies on the subject and only five were allowed for the final review. Most papers recognise CWF as an equitable and effective public health intervention. It is beneficial for all, but the lowest SES gradient gains the most. Scope of studies The researches presented various methods of determining oral health in different socio-economic in fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions. Armfield (2005) screened available dataRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1389 Words   |  6 Pagesmust be done to improve upon and create more efficient and effective services to combat HIV. Bateganya et al chose to research the impact of social service interventions in developing countries in order to gain an understanding of how aid might be affecting the lives of people living with HIV. Their research was done through the review of studies reporting the impact of economic strengthening interventions on individuals with HIV’s health. HIV can create financial challenges for infected and affectedRead MoreBuilding The Economic Case For The Preservation Of Open Space1750 Words   |  7 PagesTITLE Building the economic case for the preservation of open space: An analysis of the limitations and advantages to utilizing the Benefit-Transfer Method toward natural capital and ecosystem valuation. AUDIENCE My primary audience includes local, regional and state urban planners and policy-makers who are considering Benefit-Transfer Methodology (BTM) as a tool to preserve open space and ecosystem services through policymaking and/or political influence. Additionally, environmental organizationsRead MoreThe Importance of Clean, Reliable Water Resources for Economic Development1314 Words   |  5 Pagescreatures, needs water. It is the essence of life in all respects and has a vital role in regards to the central life of humanity and its development. There is no substitute for water. Availability of clean and reliable water resources is central to economic development. Efficient water management could mitigate water related crises such as droughts, floods, degradation of water quality, negative consequences of excessive ground water withdrawal and improve the reliability and allocation of water resourcesRead MoreA Study Of Gond Tribe : Livelihood Opportunities And Challenges1576 Words   |  7 PagesMETHODOLOGY Research is a systematized body of knowledge. The reliability and legitimacy of research findings depend upon methodological framework engaged. Methodology is logic of scientific investigation. This chapter deals the methodology part which helped formulation of the study in systematic manner. It begins with research design, the methodology approved to gain the objectives of the present study also presents the features of the area and the region; the data collection method got the toolRead MorePublic Policy Analysis And Management Should Be My Next Step1490 Words   |  6 PagesDuring an economics lectures the professor said to my class â€Å" I do not know whether the increasing income inequality is an issue or not†. I was perplexed. I thought the goal of Economics, as a social science, was to achieve the maximum welfare of people by using all the resources most efficiently. So how is income inequality that renders many people worse off, not an issue? I knew he did not sta te his opinion to avoid introducing his bias. However, if everyone in the world were to keep their understandingRead MoreGentrification Of Gentrification And Labor Markets1397 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The study of urban spaces, especially with respect to gentrification, has increased dramatically in significance and relevance in the past several decades. With the resurgence of city living’s popularity, urban revitalization has occurred in neighborhoods across the United States and brought with it significant economic and social change. Gentrification is known as a process of moving in wealthier residents and thereby increasing property values. From this, many conclude that it constitutesRead MoreSocial Structure And The Occurrence Of Family Homicides1663 Words   |  7 Pagesstructure had an influence on the occurrence of familial homicide in any significant fashion. They wanted to analyze the relationships between social disorganization, economic deficiency, and different types of family homicide. Diem and Pizarro (2010) stated in their research that due to the rarer incidences of family homicides not many studies have been conducted on disaggregated family homicide types, with the exception of intimate partner homicide, as they relate to social structure, so they wantedRead MoreEssay On Sex Women In Nigeria1020 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasingly depend on large loans in order to foot the bill for their move, it provided an opportunity for traffickers who enticed young women to migrate with promises of good job s (but later coerced into prostitution) (Carling, 2005). According to a recent study, traffickers especially in Kano state success-fully exploited the annual pilgrimage to Mecca to traffic children, men and women for different exploitative purposes – prostitution, begging and all forms of domestic work (Ehindero et al., 2006). Gap

Alzheimer s Disease, Vascular Dementia, And Lewy Body...

Abstract Dementia has many forms and it is a decline in memory, language and reasoning. Alzheimer’s is a form of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, meaning the loss of function and stability. This is a disease that affects cognitive and physical abilities in the patient. Many people in the world have Alzheimer’s and it is in elders over the age of 65. There are lots of treatments available, but there is no cure for it. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease (A.D), Caregivers, Treatments, Cognitive Dementia is caused by a decline in cognition. About 35 million people in the world have dementia and it is considered a syndrome rather than an illness. About 9%-13% of elders over the age of 65 have dementia and 2% of elders have a curable disorder, for instance major depression (Rabins, 2014). There are many factors that relate to dementia. The three types of progressive dementia are: Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia (Rabins, 2014). The number one cause of dementia is A.D. The following discussion addresses the following main disease, which is Alzheimer’s and possible causes, stages of A.D., caretaking and treatment. This occurs in elders above 60 years old. Research indicates that worldwide, there is approximately 24 million people with A.D. A.D will increase over the years, so by 2020 it is estimated that there will be 42.5 million people with A.D. (Ballard et al., 2011). Three stages were determined for A.D.Show MoreRelatedDementia And Alzheimer s Dementia995 Words   |  4 PagesDementia and Alzheimer s Dementia and Alzheimer’s was discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. He discovered both of them, dementia is like Alzheimer’s just not as severe. Dementia has several different types, these include Alzheimer s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and Front temporal dementia. The first changes you notice with dementia is Cognitive changes. These include memory loss, difficulty communicating or finding words, difficulty with complex tasks, difficulty with planningRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease, And Vascular Dementia1565 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Dementia is considered to be discovered by a German psychiatrist by the name of Alois Alzheimer. This discovery was made during the process of his examination of a patient with unusual behavior. In that discovery he found similarities that are linked to having Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia is known as being a slow, yet steady decline of one’s mental ability. The disease eventually becomes so severe that it will interfere with one’s daily living ability. This is not one specific disease, butRead Moredescribe the types of dementia2053 Words   |  9 Pagestypes of dementia In this assignment I am going to be describing 3 different types of dementia. I will be looking at Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular dementia and Lewy body dementia. I will be looking at what these dementias are, what the signs are and what the symptoms are. Dementia is a common condition that affects 800,000 people in the UK, someone’s risk of developing dementia increases as you get older and the condition usually occurs in people over the age of 65 years old. Dementia is a syndromeRead MoreThe Study Of Barbara Green1644 Words   |  7 Pageshas not been taking any of her medication to treat her diabetes and heart disease. She says that if she does not prompt her mother to take the medication, she will forget to take it for days. Ivy is worried about her mother and describes instances when Barbara seems to be day dreaming and becomes confused. Sometimes Barbara does not know who Ivy is. That is worrisome. I am going to do some research on Alzheimer s and dementia, and see if Barbara could be developing either or both of these illnessesRead MoreDementia Awareness1508 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Unit 13 Dementia Awareness 1. Understand what dementia is 1.1 Explain what mean by the term dementia The word dementia describes a set of symptoms that may include memory loss and difficulties with thinking, problem-solving or language. Dementia is caused when the brain is damaged by diseases, such as Alzheimer s disease or a series of strokes. 1.2 Describe the key functions of the brain that are - affected by dementia The main areas of the brain that are affected by dementia in terms ofRead MoreDementia: Cerebrum and High Blood Pressure953 Words   |  4 PagesDEMENTIA AWARNESS 1.Understand what dementia is 1.1 Explain what is meant by the term dementia A syndrome due to disease of the brain, usually of a chronic progressive nature in which there are multiple disturbances of higher cognitive function. These include impairment of memory, thinking and orientation, learning ability, language and judgement. 1.2 Describe the key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia The key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia are the temporalRead MoreEarly Signs Of A Progressive Dementia784 Words   |  4 Pagesprogressive dementia often bring discord to families, because siblings disagree on what is really wrong and chalk up the changes they are seeing to depression, boredom, a recent illness or even â€Å"allergies†. One of the family members usually suspects something like â€Å"Alzheimer’s† but the other disagree thus diagnosis is delayed. Early dementia is also known as MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment) and only about half of those with this diagnosis move on to one of the more progressive dementias. So, it isRead Moredementia awareness3879 Words   |  16 PagesDEMENTIA AWARENESS Explain what is meant by the term Dementia The term dementia describes a set of symptoms which include loss of memory, mood changes, processing information and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms occur when the brain is damaged by certain diseases, including Alzheimer s disease and damage caused by a series of small strokes. Dementia affects older and younger people and the decline in the person will get worse as more brain cells are damaged or dieRead MoreEffects Of Dementia On The Brain Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagesdrinking too much, use of illegal drugs, or even just a simple vehicle accident, it can cause brain damage which can lead to dementia. Dementia isn’t necessarily a disease but rather terminology to describe a set of symptoms. â€Å"Severe impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, often due to damage to the brain† (Gazzaniga, Grison, Heatherton, 2015). In other words, dementia comes with an inability to process surroundings, a difference in character, and, depe nding in severity, complete memoryRead MoreA Look At Non Alzheimer s Disease1684 Words   |  7 PagesA Look At Non-Alzheimer’s Disease Dementias By Katie Bergstrom, PA-S ABSTRACT: The most common tendency in assessing patients who display signs of dementia is to evaluate them for Alzheimer’s Disease. This means that Vascular Dementia, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia are conversely overlooked as possible diagnoses. Special attention to clinical presentation and the use of diagnostic tests (such as the MRI) and assessment scales (like the Mini Mental State Exam) aid in

Evaluation of a Restaurant Free Essays

I don’t go out for fine dining as often anymore but when I do, my expectations are well within reason of a diner. There are many factors in a restaurant that will determine whether I will be a returning patron. These factors can range from the cleanliness of its restrooms to the way the interior is decorated, but the sake of this essay, I will narrow down to the three most common-service, food and price. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of a Restaurant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Service- Upon entering, I expect a host or hostess to acknowledge my presence and escort me to a table as soon as one is available. The waiter or waitress, who will be serving me, should have a good knowledge of what is on the menu for both food and wine. The server should also be quick to fill my glasses when empty. After my food has been served and a few bites into my dinner, I should be asked if it is to my approval. If not, inquire why and do something about it. My server should be proactive and attentive and instead of having to be flagged down for everything. Most of all, they should be pleasant and willing in making my experience an enjoyable one. After all, I’m not just paying for the food but paying for the service as well. Remember, TIPS is short for To Insure Prompt Service. Food- Since I will be paying for my food, I would expect it to be nothing less of delectable. Of course, presentation of the dish itself should be appetizing, but the taste is what I’m here for. If a medium-rare steak is what I order, then I want to see it seared on the outside and pinkish to slightly red towards the center thickness. Just as important, flavor should be as close to, if not exactly, as described in the menu and by the server. Vegetables, if done correctly, will add a perfect compliment. I’ve eaten at places where vegetables were so over cooked; I swear it came from a can. The point is if your food tastes like cafeteria food, complain. Let’s face it, if I’m going to fork out a â€Å"Ben Franklin† for this, it had better be worth that. Price-As the old saying â€Å"You get what you pay for† couldn’t be further from the truth. Even for something that you’ve consumed before you pay for it. But then again, the price that I’m willing to pay is for the entire experience; not just the worth of the ingredients in making my entree and for the service provided, but ultimately for my enjoyment of the meal. If I smile after each shovel of food into my mouth as opposed to a frown after each nibble, then it’s all worth it. This doesn’t necessarily mean I have to a pay and an arm and a leg for it either. I always say that when I leave a restaurant a little poorer in wealth but richer in culinary culture, then it’s worth a recommendation and better than that- a return visit. After all, regular customers and returning patrons are the ones who help keep their doors open. With all that being said, the establishment that I have been modeling the structure of this essay with, which exceeded all three of my criteria as well as others I didn’t mention is Forbes Mill Steakhouse in Los Gatos, California. Only twenty minutes from my house and is highly recommended to anyone be it local or visitors of the San Francisco Bay Area. How to cite Evaluation of a Restaurant, Papers

Spelling And Differently free essay sample

# 8211 ; Analysis Essay, Research Paper The analysis of the two short narratives # 8220 ; Spelling # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Differently # 8221 ; written by Alice Munro trade with female relationships. These relationships paint a graphic image of the affinity, misrepresentation, challenges, and associations that affect friends and household as they journey through life. # 8220 ; Spelling # 8221 ; is about the relationship of two adult females, Rose and Flo. Although from the beginning the relationship between Rose and Flo is non clear, near the terminal the reader has no uncertainty they are mother and girl. Munro illustrates the awkward relationship between a parent and a kid and the sometimes hard jobs that face kids as their parents age. After sing the county place in an effort to happen a topographic point for Flo to populate, # 8220 ; Rose spoke of the position and the pleasant suites. Flo looked angry ; her face darkened and she stuck out her lip. Rose handed her a nomadic she had bought for 50 cents in the County Home trades centre # 8230 ; . Lodge it up your buttocks, said Flo # 8221 ; ( Oates 151 ) . The reader sees no fondness between the two. In fact, the tone of the narrative illustrates a deficiency of credence and even letdown by Flo and shows that there has ever been a distance between the two. The rubric is derived from a patient Rose met at the nursing place whose lone communicating was spelling words. After run intoing this patient, Rose dreamed that Flo was in a coop and spelling words like the old patient she met in the nursing place. Rose tells Flo about her visit to the nursing place and is evidently seeking to act upon Flo into traveling to the place. Flo is enduring from some kind of dementedness, possibly Alzheimer # 8217 ; s. In this narrative the writer doesn # 8217 ; t state the characters ages, Rose # 8217 ; s business, and other information necessary to develop a clear image. Alternatively, Munro makes the reader usage more of 1s imaginativeness in developing the narrative. Although Munro is non expressed, the narrative is about an unhappy relationship between a girl and female parent. In the narrative the storyteller flashes back to a clip in Rose # 8217 ; s calling when she was in a drama with her chest exposed. Flo showed her displeasure by composing her a missive that said # 8220 ; shame # 8221 ; and adding that if her male parent was non already dead, he would wish that he was ( Oates 154 ) . Yet, the reader feels that Rose is still seeking to gain her female parent # 8217 ; s regard and love. Another clip, Rose invites her female parent to an event where she is to accept an award for her work. Flo attends this map, although her behaviour is hideous and it appears that she is already enduring from some mental upset. Because of her female parent # 8217 ; s dementedness, Rose must recognize that she will neer experience the love or fondness of her female parent. In the terminal, Flo agrees to travel to the nursing place. It is non until Flo is in the nursing place that you see a humourous adult female, possibly what she was in her earlier old ages. When Rose brings a wig that Flo used to have on, Flo makes a gag about it looking like a dead squirrel. They laugh about it and at this point you feel more of a connexion between the two adult females than at any point in the narrative. An analysis of Munro # 8217 ; s work by E.D. Blodgett tells the reader that # 8220 ; Her most recent work has addressed the jobs of in-between age, of adult females entirely and the aged. Characteristic of her manner is the hunt for some indicative gesture by which an event is illuminated and given personal significance # 8221 ; ( Blodgett 1 ) . In # 8220 ; Spelling, # 8221 ; Munro demonstrates this indicative gesture by the incident with the wig. Near the terminal of the narrative it is revealed that Flo has a humourous personality. Her dementedness appears to go forth and she is clear-headed. The sarcasm of the narrative is that although Flo, who has had no relationship with her girl Rose for most of her grownup life, now needs aid or nursing attention and finds that Rose is the 1 who is at her side through this passage period. In the 2nd short narrative # 8220 ; Differently # 8221 ; Munro is besides speaking about the relationship of two adult females, Georgia and Maya. Munro points out that these adult females become friend s on more than one degree, sharing narratives, secrets, and particular times together. The temper of the narrative alterations suddenly with the debut of an illicit love matter and the treachery of a friend. # 8220 ; Differently # 8221 ; is an interesting narrative filled with descriptions that fill the reader # 8217 ; s mind with clear and superb images of the people, topographic points and locations throughout the narrative. For illustration, when Munro describes Raymond, Maya # 8217 ; s hubby, the image becomes every bit clear as a exposure. # 8220 ; Raymond # 8217 ; s curly caramel-brown hair has turned into a silvery fluff, and his face is lined. But nil dreadful has happened to him # 8211 ; no pouches or lower jaw or alcoholic flower or sardonic sag of licking. He is still thin, and directly, and crisp shouldered, still fresh smelling, spotless, suitably, expensively dressed # 8221 ; ( Ford 191 ) . The descriptive position of Munro # 8217 ; s authorship is shared by the Book Review Digest which stated: # 8220 ; Ms. Munro is a author of extraordinary profusion and texture # 8230 ; .Her imagination stuns or lesions. Her sentences stick to the unsmooth surfaces of our unive rse. She has persevered through periods when her authorship was unstylish, and has deepened the channel of pragmatism # 8221 ; ( Towers 1285 ) . The rubric # 8220 ; Differently # 8221 ; reflects Georgia # 8217 ; s and Maya # 8217 ; s position of the universe. Georgia is a traditional adult female with basic values. Maya, on the other manus, is a free spirit ever looking for escapade and exhilaration. Georgia envies Maya # 8217 ; s wealth and unworried attitude and the fact that she has had legion love personal businesss. Maya is in charge of the relationship. The writer illustrates this nonreversible relationship by depicting the manner the adult females ever go to the eating houses that Maya prefers. Maya even decides how they dress and act when they go out. For illustration, # 8220 ; There were two topographic points, and merely two, where Maya liked to hold tiffin. One was the Moghul # 8217 ; s Court # 8211 ; a seedy, grandiose saloon in a big, inexorable railroad hotel # 8230 ; . The other topographic point that Maya liked was a hippy eating house on Blanshard Street, where you sat on dirty plush shock absorbers tied to the tops of stumps and ate brown rice with slimed veggies and drank cloudy cyder # 8230 ; .When they lunched at the hippy eating house they wore long, cheap, reasonably Indian cotton frocks and pretended to be refugees from a commune # 8221 ; ( Ford 199 200 ) . Maya has no job populating with the cognition that her hubby knows about most of her lovers. Georgia, on the other manus, has one matter that changes her life. Georgia is betrayed when Maya has an matter with Miles despite cognizing that he is besides Georgia # 8217 ; s lover. Even though Georgia knows the relationship will neer work, she is hurt and unable to cover with the treachery by her friend. Munro illustrates the choler and treachery felt by Georgia, that cost her non merely her hubby, but her best friend every bit good. When Maya came to seek Georgia # 8217 ; s forgiveness, she said, # 8220 ; Georgia this is stupid. I can state you, he # 8217 ; s non worth it. It was nil. All it was was Scotch and chance. She said, I am truly regretful. Truly regretful # 8230 ; . Georgia put on her gum elastic baseball mitts and started to clean the oven # 8230 ; . Georgia got a vindictive pleasance out of interrupting with Maya. She was pleased with the controlled mode in which she did it. The deaf ear. She was surprised to happen herself capable of such control, such thoroughgoing penalty # 8221 ; ( Ford 210 212 ) . Georgia feels great pleasance over moving like this to Maya, because she eventually feels in control of the relationship. She neer negotiations to Maya once more and doesn # 8217 ; t happen out about her decease until months after the funeral. Munro brings realisation to her short narratives and she clearly shows that each character has personal values and beliefs and they each position things otherwise. The ability to cover with these jobs vary clearly in each character. The sarcasm of the narrative # 8220 ; Differently # 8221 ; is non the loss of Georgia # 8217 ; s hubby, lover, or the decease of her one time best friend. Georgia reflects back to the eventides in the book shop, the visible radiation in the street, the contemplation in the window. These were the things she missed most in her life.

The World Is Blue Reflection Essay free essay sample

Earle’s book is not an inconvenient truth, fueled by politics and funding, but rather, by Earle’s heart for the ocean, and its unique residents. Earle explores conflict and resolution, one chapter and issue at a time. Taking Marine Wildlife: The elephant in the room Earle utilizes her chapter on fish to call the world out on the elephant in the room-overfishing. Earle discusses how at one time in history, people believed that there was an infinite amount of fish to be caught, that there would never be a day when we would see something as popular as tuna, go extinct. We are sitting on the eve of â€Å"that day. † Earle really brings out the reality of overfishing, almost mocking our early ideas of sustainable yield. â€Å".. but those pesky animals didn’t obey the rules.. So what’s wrong with the concept of sustainable yield? † (Earle) Earle makes keen note that you cannot possibly create a concept of sustainability, when you know next to nothing about the species you are supposedly â€Å"yielding†. We will write a custom essay sample on The World Is Blue Reflection Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Earle debunks the idea of a surplus in the ocean of a healthy ecosystem, stating â€Å"What APPEARS to be an overabundance to human observers is a natural insurance policy (Earle) Earle applies the same idea of questionable yield to marine mammals. She spends a fair amount of this chapter on the touchy subject that is almost always controversial-whaling. She lends a nod to her own initial ignorance of marine mammals in an honest confession. â€Å"I had come to regard the cats, dogs, horses, squirrels and rabbits I knew personally as individuals, but I did not think of whales the same way. † (Earle) She goes on there after, to explain her emotional experience of â€Å"meeting† a whale, and her forever changed perspective. Whaling is just the tip of the iceberg or in this case, melting glacier, for Earle. Earle shifts into the amount of marine mammals killed as â€Å"by catch†, and the epidemic that breeds within the fishing industry. What would the world think if in fact the by catch of their tuna salad was the faithful Flipper? Would they still feel safe about their claimed â€Å"dolphin safe† tuna? I recall my six year old self, carefully checking each can of tuna my mother placed in our shopping cart, seeking out that little smiling dolphin to confirm that my lunch would be free of dolphin massacre. So much has changed since those would be conservation efforts. Earle does not forget to mention the smaller, less thought of creatures-the shellfish. Earle opens her chapter with a history lesson centered on oysters, at one time in our history- she notes â€Å"†¦. they were described as hazards to navigation. † (Earle) Today, few would ever say abundant in the same sentence as oysters. Earle pay homage to the importance of the shellfish in our ocean, discussing everything from clams to my personal favorite-the octopus, whom Earle notes as a critical part of the ocean’s health. Earle closes her shellfish segment with a sentence that hits close to home. â€Å"I have decided to cease and desist, hoping that every lobster I don’t eat, will increase the chances that somewhere a lobster might live, and do what lobsters do as a part of a healthy ocean. † (Earle) With that statement, I immediately connected on a personal level to Earle. As a devout vegetarian, I too, have hopes that every animal I do not eat, will aid in the future of that species, and ultimately, our planet’s future. She lends advice however, to these dynamic and complex issues- and it is all so simple. Do not take, what you cannot replace, and do not take what you know nothing about. The world is a vampire- sent to drain. Earle’s second major concept of her book is the relentless greed of the human race. Through pollution, ignorance, and pillaging of all resources, the human race has become that of a vampire species, feeding off of the seductive lure of power, money, and claim that our planet’s oceans bring. A particular lipstick wearing, wolf hunting politician made a statement that is becoming unanimous with most of America today- â€Å"Drill baby, drill. For the unknowing, that is Sarah Palin, a woman who agrees with offshore, and in some cases, onshore drilling. The topic of oil is sensitive. Do you drill in former wildlife and marine reserves to avoid wars with your supplying companies? Most of America, even the left minded Barak Obama was nodding to the idea of on and offshore drilling in the United States’ backyard. The steadily rising price of fuel and oil are making more Americans nod yes, than ever before. Earle is shaking her head no. largely because the action occurs underwater, out of the public view, little attention has focused on what actually happens on the ocean floor where drilling takes place, or what creatures are displaced by the thousands of miles of pipeline laced across the bottom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Earle)Despite my serious vendetta against Sarah Palin, I myself, had not actually considered the impact of pipelines on the ocean floor, I was always more focused on oil spills and the tragedies which take place thereafter. Earle does make serious mention of oil spills, reliving the Exxon Valdez casualty that permanently damaged the Alaskan shoreline. The book even features the text of Earle’s testimony before Congress on the recent oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It is not the spills, the pipelines, or the seeping of the oil that sets a tic for Earle†¦ it’s the use of the oil itself. The subject everyone has heard about, even if they didn’t want to. It doesn’t take Al Gore to make one think or hear about climate change. The 1950’s were a time for poodle skirts, milkshakes, and good old fashion family values, along with cigarettes, seat beltless cars, and DDT. My point is it should not stun anyone that emissions are impacting the planet in a â€Å"negative† way. Earle seems to feel the same. â€Å"Civilization currently thrives on oil based economies, and is continuing to do so despite herculean efforts to move away from fuels that pollute the planet today and will potentially shorten the number of tomorrows our species will have. † (Earle) Sylvia Earle is not an extreme leftist; she is an educated woman who has worked beside oil engineer leaders, government officials, and offshore experts. I believe it is these credentials that make her so magnetic, and tune readers’ thoughts to her direction. Her powerhouse chapter on oil has n Achilles’ heel, her lack of insight on solution. It is not as though she has an answer and it is not as if she is not willing to share, it is that no one has a surefire way to reroute the flight of emissions. This chapter, though mind-blowingly effective, still has an unfinished climax, much like our planet. Uneducated or Unwilling to learn? Earle is consistently using the same explanation throu ghout her book as to why individuals are not taking more action. In every chapter, she highlights examples of attitudes and expressions from people associated to the topic. Earle’s book is one of the tools our society now has to combat the epidemic of the uneducated on the subject of anthropogenic damage to nature. There is not a single environmentalist who at one time did not face the reality transition of a need for change. The issue is entirely complex and tedious because alongside the uneducated, are the unwilling. There has been an outward cry on the subject of climate change from Christians, denouncing it as political corruption, or that climate change is merely an effect listed in the book of Revelations. Earle does not seem to let the major issue of uneducated and unwilling affect her view on the future. She positively lists the strides being made to better understand the ocean. In Earle’s closing chapters, it is as if she is taking the reader by the hand, and showing how we can all make a difference. I found Earle’s book to be stirring. I have definitely become something of a cheerleader for Earle after reading this book. As a woman pursuing conservation science as a career, I found Earle to be a keen example of what one person can do in their field that can change the thoughts of others worldwide. Earle took her opportunity as an author, and produced an extraordinary document that covers every issue associated with the ocean and humans, but goes a step beyond outlining what’s wrong. Earle uniquely includes what is right, and what is currently being done to change the course of the future. I have read several books on environmental issues, and none have so effectively utilized the opportunity to educate and motivate individuals like Earle has done in her book. Earle has motivated me to keep fighting the good fight. I often struggle over if my work with polar bears ill ever be worth anything, and Earle’s book was the push I needed to continue on. Even if I do not know the outcome, at least I can say, I have made the effort in my lifetime to try. Earle sets a standard for each reader, to simply make choices in favor of the planet, and its oceans. We may not all have the ability to write books, give speeches, or work directly alongside the ocean, but we all have choi ces we can make to better our tomorrow. We are living in a time of great uncertainty, and are all faced with a forked road ahead of us. One leads us to certain extinction, the other to opportunity to at least try to change for the better. The world is blue today, but what will it look like tomorrow? What will our children see when they look to the sea? The answer lies entirely on our willingness to change. Will we be the generation who turned the course of the planet around? Or will we be the generation who had the opportunity and denied our own species, and so many others a future? Works Cited Earle, Sylvia A. The World is Blue. Washington DC: National Geographic, 2009.

Find the efficiency of three different spheres Essays

  Find the efficiency of three different spheres Essays   Find the efficiency of three different spheres Essay Find the efficiency of three different spheres Essay Variables: Manipulated Variable: the type of ball used Responding Variable: height of the first bounce of the ball when it is dropped from 2m Controlled Variables: the force applied on the ball, the height at which the ball is dropped, flat surface Hypothesis: the efficiency of a sphere is going to depend largely on its mass and size, the less the mass and size, the higher that it will bounce, because the lesser the mass, the lesser amount of energy will be needed to push it up against the downward pull of gravity, and the smaller the size, the lesser friction air will create when it is bouncing up. This means that the golf ball is possibly going to be the one that bounces the highest and the most efficient, the tennis ball will bounce the second highest and the second most efficient, and the field hockey ball will bounce the third highest and the least efficient. Materials: * * golf ball * tennis ball * field hockey ball * a flat surface * 2 meter sticks * tape * electronic balance Procedures: 1. Mass each of the spheres using the electronic balance and record the mass 2. Use two meter sticks and tape one end of each together forming a 2m stick 3. Position the two meter sticks perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the wall, station them by taping them onto the wall 4. Drop one of the three spheres selected from 2m off the ground or the very top of the meter sticks 5. Watch and then record the height of the spheres first bounce 6. repeat step 4-5 for the other two spheres Observation: Type of ball used Mass of the ball(Kg) Height of first bounce, trial 1 (m) Height of first bounce, trial 2 (m) Height of first bounce, trial 3 (m) Average height of first bounce (m) Golf Ball 0.039 1.45 1.50 1.47 1.47 0.046 1.44 1.37 1.42 1.41 0.045 1.46 1.49 1.50 1.48 Tennis Ball 0.058 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.10 0.058 1.08 1.10 1.15 1.11 0.057 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.02 Field Hockey Ball 0.15 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.57 0.18 0.56 0.59 0.63 0.59 0.15 0.45 0.43 0.51 0.46 Analysis: Average Mass of Each of the Spheres Used Average Height of Each Spheres First Bounce When Dropped from Two Metres The Efficiency of Each of the Spheres Used Conclusion: The efficiency of the golf ball is 72%, which is the most efficient amongst the three balls, the efficiency of the tennis ball is 54%, and the field hockey ball is 27% efficient making it the least efficient amongst the three. The hypothesis was correct about the order in which the efficiency should be in. The size and mass may possibly have an effect on how efficient each ball each. Another factor that is also very important, but however not considered in the analysis is the material that each ball is made of. The amount of elastic energy of each ball was not considered in the experiment, and should be included. To find out how much the elastic energy of a sphere affects its efficiency, one has to find out the relationship between the elastic energy, the mass and the height of the ball and calculate to see how much difference this will make, and how important the elastic energy of a sphere is. An important error is that the height of each balls bounce may not be entirely accurate since the ability of the human eyes is limited and cant tell exactly how many metres the ball bounced. To minimize the effect of this error, several trials and the results of many people can be combined, and then the average amongst the results can be calculated.

Q.1 or 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Q.1 or 2 - Essay Example The National Board was ‘to look with peculiar favour’ on applicants for aid for schools jointly managed by Roman Catholics and Protestants. While many of the schools which were taken into connection with the Board in the early years were jointly managed, the main Christian churches put pressure on the government to allow aid to be given to schools under the management of individual churches.1 This pressure was so effective that, by the mid-nineteenth century, only 4% of national schools were under mixed management.2 In terms of the curriculum, the main principle was that schools should offer ‘combined moral and literary instruction’.3 While the Board would decide the curriculum for moral and literary instruction, the patron of each school would determine the form and content of religious instruction in the schools under his patronage. The Rules for National Schools to the present day set down that ‘no pupil shall receive or be present at any religious instruction of which his parents or guardians do not approve’4 and also ‘that the periods of formal religious instruction shall be fixed so as to facilitate the withdrawal of [such] pupils’.5 This means that the National System had its ultimate goal to help accommodate children of different religions. That is why, the Christian dominate churches had to enforce the other dominations to be ready to accommodate children of mixed religions. This was pushed about by the Christian churches until it came to pass with management being of mixed creed. In an article presented by Thomas Walsh regarding the children’s curriculum in the primary schools between 1900 and 1999, he describes the conceptualization of the childhood education as a process that is undergoing and it takes time to be implemented fully. In an announcement by Ruairi Quinn, Minister for Education and Skills, on the junior certificate reforms, he commented that, â€Å"We already know that significa nt numbers of first years do not make progress in English and Maths – the key building blocks of learning.† He added that, â€Å"Too many students ‘switch off’ in second year and never reconnect to learning.   We know that the experience of third year students is dominated by preparations for the Junior Certificate exams where the focus narrows to the performance in the examination rather than the quality of the learning.   It is high time we changed this – for the good of our students and our teachers.† In this statement, Ruairi conforms that the numbers of children who do not make it in the key subjects in Ireland are quite alarming. As a result the outcome is that a lot of students lack the essential skills to upgrade them and that is why they never relate to knowing that learning is essential. When it comes to the final continuous assessment tests, what comes up is that what teachers focus on is more of the students passing their tests rather that knowing what they are being taught, this adds up to the quality of education is more understated. The accounting feature is that the teachers during their teaching time in class they focused on spoon-feeding the students what is likely to come in the exams, thus they are more exam oriented that quality oriented. Ruairi stressed in the fact that this is a trend that ought to change for better future of Irish

Home Nursing reflection on maternal death Dissertation

Home Nursing reflection on maternal death - Dissertation Example But with the knowledge, skills and experience I had amassed, I was able to patiently navigate and resolve issues dealing with nursing responsibilities and those arising from various personality conflicts. I soon gained respect as a proven and dependable manager and after two years was made Head Nurse. At my Maternal Child Health Care Clinic (MCH) I presently manage a staff of 10 female staff nurses and two female attenders. This dissertation concerns prevailing issues that have arisen from my experience concerning home nursing during postnatal period. The study will use the methods of reflective practice to analyse the problems that nurses face during the postnatal home nursing period. The main duties provided by the maternal and child health nurse include screening of antenatal and postnatal patients; making assessments and giving immunization to children under 5 years of age; providing specific women services such as pap smears and distribution of the family planning pill; home vis iting and home nursing, and providing school health services. Specific duties of the latter include giving health talks to the public school and village or community groups. The Problem I want to research the theme of home nursing due to an incident that occurred a few years ago and that has remained powerfully within me as a memory. One of our postnatal patients died because of what I thought was ultimately due, but not mainly because of, deficiencies in our home care operation. Proper nursing procedure requires that postnatal care be provided everyday for the first four days after delivery and then on day 6, 8 and 10, and lastly on day 20. After birth, this patient had somehow disappeared in the communication lines of our hospital system. She had received no follow-up or home visiting and because of this, had died. This particular patient had been diagnosed in the antenatal period as well and fit. However, she was quite obese. It was later found she had placenta praevia, a low lyi ng placenta, and that she was experiencing bleeding antepartum haemorrhage type iii where the placenta was covering only part of the top of the cervix. She received a lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) in one of the specialist hospitals. But her birth had not been reported back to the specialist hospital. I don’t feel this patient had received the best medical attention that she could have had. I believe the system had broken down for her. UK Background Compared to other developed nations, the UK has had a good record over the years in keeping maternity and infant mortality low. Infant mortality rates per 1000 averaged 6 for 2000 and 5 for 2008 for infants under 1 (WHO, p. 55). For infants under 5, the figures were 6 for 2000 and 2008. Compared to the United States, the figures were 7 and 7, and 9 and 8 (p. 55). The lowest figures were for Japan at 3 and 3, infants under 1, and 5 and 3, for infants under 5 (p. 51). Developing countries typically display figures broaching above 50 deaths reaching to well over 200 deaths in both categories. UK maternity ratio per 100,000 live births averaged 7 between 2000-2009, with interagency figures showing 8-15 in 2005 (WHO, p. 54). The United States averaged 13 (p. 54), Sierra Leone averaged 857, showing 800 to 3,700 in 2005 (p. 54); and Canada averaged 9 and 7 to 13 in 2005 (p. 50). The infant and maternity mortality rates in developed countries have been low,

Week 3 discussion questions and summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 3 discussion questions and summary - Essay Example Strategic planning highlights its importance both for domestic and international markets. Although there are some differences between the strategic planning of the two but they are almost the same. The only major difference is that in an international market a business finds tougher competition and a more radical environment. Brand loyalty is less; customers look for better quality at cheaper rates, hence strategic planning for international market needs more research and critical thinking. Strategic planning should vary country to country it is important for a country to alter its strategic planning according to its customers. In the same way different countries should adopt different strategic planning. Another reason for varying strategic planning is the competition that prevails in the international market. Every firm is competing to be the best hence they keep an eye on the strategies of their competitors. Adaptation is an ongoing process that has been observed in the history and is still carrying on. An adaptation is a process in which every new aspect of a thing is taken up in order to peak its performance. Adaptation is applicable in international market in different scenarios for example the hand knitting method was replaced by the knitting machine that was more effective but a little less in quality at that time. The early adapters took the advantage and later a more advance machine updated the quality as well. Well adaptation can have different results depending on the scenario; diminishing returns can result due to adaptation. A perfect example is when the demand of a product is less and an organization adapts to a better technology resulting in excess production that in turn results in diminishing returns. But its not always this way, Adaptation if done with proper planning and strategy will always give positive results. Adaptation is a very important phase in a business and

What Makes Us Happy?

What Makes Us Happy? During many centuries people were looking for happiness. But the question What makes us happy? still needs the answer. There is no recipe of happiness. It is very individual concept, though there are some general statements that can help person to feel complete and satisfied with his life. These statements were noted in the article What makes us happy? by Joshua Wolf Shenk. Some parts of the text deserves to take the place at the curriculum of the psychology course with a title The Pursuit of Happiness. The goal of the paper is to determine the statements that could be useful for students. To achieve the goal I divided this work into short parts devoting separate questions. Every abstract contain the idea and its value. The question What makes us happy? very philosophic and it is not so easy to find the answer. Different people see their happiness in different things. But it is extremely important to understand what happiness means for you. There are a lot of research works and books devoted this question but nobody take the liberty to give the strict determination to this phenomenon. The article What makes us happy? by Joshua Wolf Shenk contains rather interesting and important information related the question. It says about experiment that had place in Harvard in 1937th and lasted during 70 years. Harvards sophomores agreed to take a part in these researches. They took psychological tests, passed regular medical exams, sat for interviews, everything that were necessary. George Vaillant was a chief curator of these lives, he devoted all his life to this study. He also participated in similar work that was dedicated heroin addicts. W. T. Grant also participated in researches that were directed to identifying the features of successful living. But his work did not last till the end because the chief curator expected the results very fast. But Vaillant was conscious that researches as wine get better after long time. Sometimes the article shortly describes students lives that took part in investigations. It is easy to see that all details of males beings were noted: details about their family, childhood, illnesses, education, social life, marriage life, stressesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Vaillant tried to see the hidden facts that connected or differed all these males, to determine the life facts that made them satisfied with their lives and compare those facts. As it turned out during the researches all the lives were too wired, complicated and big to make any strict conclusion about successful living(Shenk J. W., 2009). After reading and examining the article What Makes Us Happy? I came to decision that it deserves to be mentioned in curriculum of the psychology course with a title The Pursuit of Happiness. But it should take its place among the informational literature as it tells about researches and describes someones experience. This article does not teach us how to be happy or what happiness is! What is important is not to mention all the information that was written in the article. Only some parts deserve students attention. These parts will be given below with explanation of their importance. Physical and psychological health. Joshua Wolf Shenk note about some phenomenon that can be a source of happiness and satisfaction for some people. Some of them are good health, adaptation in society, good family, putting and getting the goals etc. Vaillant pointed at seven factors that can promise healthy aging, he meant psychological and physical health. Employing mature adaptations was one. The others were education, stable marriage, not smoking, not abusing alcohol, some exercise, and healthy weight (Shenk J. W., 2009). This information should take a place at curriculum of psychology course because it throw light upon scientific research fact and shows the importance of living right way of life. The goal of every curriculum is not just to give scientific information but also to make a stress at importance of good habits and right life views. Alcoholism is one of the most serious problems. Vaillant is sure that alcoholism problem is one of the sharpest one: One is alcoholism, which he found is probably the horse, and not the cart, of pathology (Shenk J. W., 2009). He came back to this harmful habit again and again in the article text. This problem must be stressed during curriculum because it spoils both individuals physical and social harmony. After the person become alcohol addictive he ruins all spheres of his life, he loses the respect in society, this causes miserable feelings in his mind plus physical disharmony make person totally unhappy. This fact is very important for understanding happiness phenomenon. Defense mechanisms work to protect people, the rest depends on humans. There is very important idea that goes across the article: humans mind and body are very smart; they change under life conditions to protect us and give good feelings: unconscious responses to pain, conflict, or uncertainty (Shenk J. W., 2009). These processes were also called defense mechanisms (Shenk J. W., 2009). It means that the nature of humans body and mind is perfect, the last depends on human. This fact should make students to remember that individuals life mostly depends on him and in some range on circumstances. Every human should take care of his health, social life, education and other life aspects. He is a master of his life and fate. This kind of information should make student conscious their fortune depends on them and they can make themselves satisfied with their lives. Warm relations with family and society are necessary. The article makes a big stress at family relations. Valliant was sure that this fact is extremely important for every person. It is social aptitude, he writes, not intellectual brilliance or parental social class, that leads to successful aging (Shenk J. W., 2009). Good relationships with parents, cousins, siblings, friends are necessary. As Valliant said in interview: The only thing that really matters in life are your relationships to other people (Shenk J. W., 2009). This statement is one of the leading in the question What makes us happy? It is well known fact that definitely important for every society member. Some statements of the article should be mentioned during psychology curriculum but only as a literature with researches. The question What makes us happy too complicated to give exhaustive explanation. What is necessary is to explain students that such conception as happiness is totally individual. Every person should determine the things that will make him satisfied and happy. There are a lot of fake pictures of happiness that society created. In fast modernization era very hard to determine and fallow individual goals instead of that, people used to accept dictated pictures of happiness. This fact is essential because fake satisfaction never makes human feel harmony. There were million of examples when people committed suicide after getting wrong goals. Imagined feeling of happiness did not make them really happy. This fact says about emotions sincerity that gives the feeling of completeness and satisfaction. This is one of the weighty reasons to define the things that make person truly happy. The philosophic question What makes us happy? is too complicated and multilevel to give exhaustive answer. The article with a title What makes us happy? by Joshua Wolf Shenk presents the information about researches dedicated the identifying main features of successful living. Some statements of the text are worthy to be represented at curriculum of the psychology course, because it contains important information. Thought it should be noted that this kind of information is rather general, every individual can add his own criteria of successful living and happiness. Though it should be noted that all the facts are definitely incontestable. The curriculum of psychology should contain such statements as: physical and psychological health are necessary; alcoholism is one of the most serious problems that ruin both physical and psychological individuals health; defense mechanisms works to protect our body and mind, the rest depends on people; warm relations with family and society are necessary to feel complete and satisfied; extremely important to remember that the concept Happiness is individual; every human must determine the things he needs to be happy. Never accept fake form of happiness otherwise you will never be truly happy.

Romeo and Juliet: Comparing Original Screenplay and Film (Movie) :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Romeo and Juliet - Comparing Original Screenplay and Film (Movie)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Films are made with the directors different personal opinions based on the original screenplay.   For the movie version of Romeo + Juliet (1996), the quote above illustrates this perfectly.   For this essay, I will discuss contrasts between the original screenplay, and the film.   I will be discussing plot changes to adapt to the movie's visual capabilities, changes to the time-frame of the script, and plot changes to different relationships between characters.   I hope you will find this essay informative.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, I will discuss with you the plot changes to adapt to the movie's visual capabilities.   If we were just to read this book, the only visual pictures we would see would be in our minds; but since we went to see the movie, the director had to adapt some of the plot to have viewers experience the screenplay visually.   One such example of plot adaptations is when, in the screenplay, Tybalt recognizes Romeo's voice at the Capulet masque.   When Tybalt hears him, he becomes enraged.   This is not so for the film.   Romeo takes off his masque at the fountain and forgets it there.   He returns to the masque and that is when Tybalt recognizes his face.   However, the result is the same, Tybalt becomes enraged and vows to extract his revenge on Romeo since Old Capulet said for him to leave Romeo alone.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly, I will illustrate you some changed to the time-frame of the plot.   This is one of the easier comparisons since you can tell if parts of the plot have been rearranged.   An example of a change to the plot is when (in the book) Romeo first meets Juliet.   Romeo says about fifty words to Juliet and kisses her.   While she is being kissed, the Nurse calls her away because her mother wishes to see her.   In the movie, Juliet is called away even before Romeo talks to her.   Juliet is called away to dance with Paris, but when the dance ends and Paris is watching the fireworks, Juliet and Romeo talk and kiss.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, I will explain to you some of the plot changes to different relationships between characters.   This has to do partly with the visual

Internet Marketing Strategies of Hsbc

In line with HSBC’s aim for development with global focus, the company was able to adopt a strategy, which enhances its technology development through information systems operations. This strategy was able to increase staff retention rates, and decrease staff turnover, which brings greater continuity and efficiency to the company’s projects (Annesley 2006). Moreover, in terms of internet communications, HSBC has a single global center of excellence for e-commerce IT, made up of collocated businesses and staff, distributed in international offices, such as in New Jersey, Chicago, Canada, Hong Kong and London. In accordance to this, HSBC was also able to implement and introduce another feature of HSBC. com, the HSBCnet, which is its developed key global platform, designed for commercial customers in other countries. HSBCnet includes services for global markets, global cash management and investment banking that are being used regularly by corporate customers. Moreover, as an response to the need of security, the company has developed a second-generation internet technologies, exposing customers to intelligent, personalized content and better targeted marketing, and this feature allows the customers to save time, avoid repetition of tasks by pre-filling in application forms, to come back to a product offer, and get to the end of an application process (Annesley 2006). Furthermore, the company has also developed the successful credit card authorization and accounting platform, which consists of linked applications, such as credit assessment, risk-based pricing, card ordering and transaction processing and reporting (Annesley 2006). These strategies enabled HSBC to gain competitive advantage over their competitors, by implementing an effective and efficient Internet-based information system. These strategies become relevant to the problems of Nokia because like HSBC, they can also develop the same strategies and use them for their own advantage

Do children’s shoe sizes get bigger as they get older? Essay

Title:- Do children’s shoe sizes get bigger as they get older? Introduction:- I will be doing an experiment to investigate whether it is true or not that a child’s shoes size increases as they get older. In order for me to prove this, I need to collect some data, I will ask some of my friends and family who has children and could help me with this experiment by completing the questionnaire. My objective is to find out at the end of this investigation whether my experiment on children’s shoe sizes is true or not true. Aim:- My aim is to investigate if children’s shoe sizes increases as they age. I will test my hypothesis by completing the experiment; once I get the results from my investigation I can examine them and see if my hypothesis was correct or incorrect. Hypothesis and Null Hypothesis:- Hypothesis – As children age their shoes size increases. Null Hypothesis – As children age their shoes size does not increase. Method:- I collected my data straight into a table chart. This was quick and easy and saved me recording the information found twice, as I was able to read it straight from this. I also found the data was easy to understand and I could see the slow increase of the shoe increase with age. Design:- I completed the investigation by asking my friends and family who had children if they would help me in this experiment. I found this to be more accurate rather than asking the child or just observing. I explained to the people who involved what they data I was gathering was for and gained their permission to use this. Participants:- I used 10 boys and 10 girls in investigation. The age range varied from two years old to 12 years old. I was prepared to use children’s data from one year old; however none of my friends and family had children of this age. I used this age group as this is generally before hormones start taking place and affecting the child in different ways. I asked the same number of girls to boys as see whether there was a difference in shoe size, to age, and gender. The gender of the participant did not seem to make a difference, as the majority of both genders shoe size got bigger as they got older. Materials:- The materials used were 15 friends and family as 5 of them had 2 children each. I recorded the information given with a pen and paper in a table form so I could understand the results, quick and easy. I made one table for boys, and one for girls. An example of the table is below:- Boys Age Boys Shoe Size Girls Age Girls Shoe Size I then went on to convert the shoe sizes to a European shoe size so this would be easier for producing graphs and using the data collected. I worked out the overall average shoe size for each age, also for both girls and boys. I also worked out the mean, mode and median, which I plotted on a line graph. Using the data I collected from the average of both boys and girls I did a graph so show if there was any difference or similarities. Procedure:- I contacted my friends and family and explained that† I am currently doing my Access to Midwifery and I am doing my Maths at the moment. I am doing an investigation in whether children’s shoe sizes get bigger as children get older, and I need to collect data. If they could be a help in providing what age their child is and what shoe size they are?† I informed them that I would put the data collecting into various graphs and tables to complete and support my conclusion, and gained Consent to this. After collecting the data from various friends and family I thanked them for helping me complete this investigation to the best of my ability. Results:- The flaws in the investigation are that there was a dip in the average shoe size data I gathered. At age 9 the shoe size was greater than a 10 year old. This may have been because of the size of child, the bigger/smaller the child the bigger/smaller size feet they will have. As I used European shoe sizes, this could have been another flaw. The overall results in terms of my hypothesis, is that children’s shoe sizes does increase with age. However the factor due to the individual child, if they are bigger or smaller than the average child, shoe sizes may vary. I feel like overall I gathered a good range of data. If I was to complete the investigation again, I would ask more people and to do this, so I would create a questionnaire that I could forward to various people with children gaining their consent and the relevant details which was needed for the experiment. I would send the questionnaire via social networking sites as I feel this would be more approachable and easier for people. I would ask 20 of each sex and then I would have a clearer view to prove that my hypothesis was correct. I would keep the age range the same as I feel the age range was varied enough. If I was going to complete the experiment again I would find another way to symbolise adult shoe sizes, as this may have been a flaw within my experiment. Conclusion:- The hypothesis is correct; children’s shoe sizes do increase as they get older. However they may be a slight dip in this result if the child is bigger or smaller than the average child. But for the normal average child there shoe size will increase as they get older. European Shoe Size converter UK SHOE SIZE EUROPEAN SHOE SIZE 4 20 4.5 21 5 21/22 6 23 7 24 7.5 25 8 25/26 9 27 10 28 11 29 11.5 30 12 31 13 32 13.5 32.5 1 33 2 34 3 35.5 4 36 4.5 37 5 38 A Graph to show the average shoe size compared to the age A chart to show the data collected for girls participated in the investigation, Age and Shoe Size.

Archaeology of Olive Domestication

Archaeology of Olive Domestication Olives are the fruit of a tree that today can be found as nearly 2,000 separate cultivars within the Mediterranean basin alone. Today olives come in a huge variety of fruit sizes, shape, and color, and they are grown on every continent except Antarctica. And that may in part be why the history and domestication story of olives is a complicated one. Olives in their native state are virtually inedible by humans, although domestic animals like cattle and goats dont seem to mind the bitter flavor. Once cured in brine, of course, olives are very tasty. Olive wood burns even when wet; which makes it very useful and that may be one attractive characteristic that drew people towards the management of olive trees. One later use was for olive oil, which is virtually smoke-free and can be used in cooking and lamps, and in many other ways. Olive History The olive tree (Olea europaea var. europaea) is thought to have been domesticated from the wild oleaster (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), at a minimum of nine different times. The earliest probably dates to the Neolithic migration into the Mediterranean basin, ~6000 years ago. Propagating olive trees is a vegetative process; that is to say, successful trees are not grown from seeds, but rather from cut roots or branches buried in the soil and allowed to root, or grafted onto other trees. Regular pruning helps the grower keep access to the olives in the lower branches, and olive trees are known to survive for centuries, some reportedly for as much as 2,000 years or more. Mediterranean Olives The first domesticated olives are likely from the Near East (Israel, Palestine, Jordan), or at least the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, although some debate persists about its origins and spread. Archaeological evidence suggests that the domestication of olive trees spread into the western Mediterranean and North Africa by the Early Bronze Age, ~4500 years ago. Olives, or more specifically olive oil, has a significant meaning to several Mediterranean religions: see the History of Olive Oil for a discussion of that. Archaeological Evidence Olive wood samples have been recovered from the Upper Paleolithic site of Boker in Israel. The earliest evidence of olive use discovered to date is at Ohalo II, where ca 19,000 years ago, olive pits and wood fragments were found. Wild olives (oleasters) were used for oils throughout the Mediterranean basin during the Neolithic period (ca 10,000-7,000 years ago). Olive pits have been recovered from the Natufian period (ca 9000 BC) occupations in Mount Carmel in Israel. Palynological (pollen) studies on the contents of jars have identified the use of  olive oil presses by the early Bronze Age (ca 4500 years ago) in Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean. Scholars using molecular and archaeological evidence (presence of pits, pressing equipment, oil lamps, pottery containers for oil, olive timber, and pollen, etc.) have identified separate domestication centers in Turkey, Palestine, Greece, Cyprus, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Corsica, Spain, and France. DNA analysis reported in Diez et al. (2015) suggests that the history is complicated by admixture, connecting domesticated versions with wild versions throughout the region. Important Archaeological Sites Sites Archaeological sites important to understanding the domestication history of the olive include Ohalo II, Kfar Samir, (pits dated to 5530-4750 BC); Nahal Megadim (pits 5230-4850 cal BC) and Qumran (pits 540-670 cal AD), all in Israel; Chalcolithic Teleilat Ghassul (4000-3300 BC), Jordan; Cueva del Toro (Spain). Sources and Further Information Plant Domestication and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Breton C, Pinatel C, Mà ©dail F, Bonhomme F, and Bervillà © A. 2008. Comparison between classical and Bayesian methods to investigate the history of olive cultivars using SSR-polymorphisms. Plant Science 175(4):524-532. Breton C, Terral J-F, Pinatel C, Mà ©dail F, Bonhomme F, and Bervillà © A. 2009. The origins of the domestication of the olive tree. Comptes Rendus Biologies 332(12):1059-1064. Diez CM, Trujillo I, Martinez-Urdiroz N, Barranco D, Rallo L, Marfil P, and Gaut BS. 2015. Olive domestication and diversification in the Mediterranean Basin. New Phytologist 206(1):436-447. Elbaum R, Melamed-Bessudo C, Boaretto E, Galili E, Lev-Yadun S, Levy AA, and Weiner S. 2006. Ancient olive DNA in pits: preservation, amplification and sequence analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(1):77-88. Margaritis E. 2013. Distinguishing exploitation, domestication, cultivation, and production: the olive in the third millennium Aegean. Antiquity 87(337):746-757. Marinova, Elena. An experimental approach for tracing olive processing residues in the archaeobotanical record, with preliminary examples from Tell Tweini, Syria. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Jan M. A. van der Valk, Soultana Maria Valamoti, et al., 20(5), ResearchGate, September 2011. Terral JF, Alonso N, Capdevila RBi, Chatti N, Fabre L, Fiorentino G, Marinval P, Jord GP, Pradat B, Rovira N, et al. 2004. Historical biogeography of olive domestication ( Journal of Biogeography 31(1):63-77.Olea europaea L.) as revealed by geometrical morphometry applied to biological and archaeological material.

Will offering work-life balance programs result in positive outcomes Essay

Will offering work-life balance programs result in positive outcomes for organisations and for employees - Essay Example Work-life balance programs vary widely depending on organisational policy and include such programs as flextime, telecommuting, paternity leave and even job sharing. These programs are implemented so that the organisation can demonstrate a solid commitment to improving employee relations and to allow employees to balance their personal demands with job role obligations. Work-life policies, in most instances, provide exceptionally positive outcomes for the organisation and employees who make use of the availability of these programs, including employee motivation, increased employee commitment, cohesive organisational cultures and reduced employee turnover that satisfies cost control issues at the organisation. The outcomes of work-life balance programs Positive outcomes associated with work-life balance programs can be attributed to social exchange theory, a psychological supposition that human relationships are founded on reciprocal actions and mutual negotiations between two or mor e parties (Emerson 1976). Social exchange theory posits that employees will repeat an action if they find they are rewarded for the behaviour (Robbins, Chatterjee and Canda 2011). Work-life programs are established by organisational leaders in an effort to provide incentives for employees to provide superior effort and motivation. As a result of this reward, employees respond by exerting maximum effort even when the job role involves an intensification of work responsibilities (Kelliher and Anderson 2010). Hence, there is a quantifiable set of positive psychological outcomes under social exchange theory that provides superior return on investment, in terms of increased productivity and motivation, to the employer. Also at the psychological level, work-life balance programs provide greater employee satisfaction which provides the incentive for employees to be more productive. Having some level of personal control over an employee’s working conditions is considered very valuabl e to workers that engage with these programs (Kelliher and Anderson 2010). It is recognised in research studies that when an employer provides workers with workplace autonomy, it is positively linked to job satisfaction (Emery and Barker 2007). This satisfaction leads to happier workers and job productivity increases (Nauert 2011). The research evidence indicating a positive link between satisfaction and higher productive outputs in the job role illustrate that work-life balance programs maintain considerable positive benefits to both the employee and the employer. Employee commitment is enhanced and there is overall better job performance when an employee is able to work in autonomous work environments (Nauert 2011). From the business perspective, the ability of work-life balance programs to provide perceptions of autonomy even leads to lower employee turnover, thus saving the organisation costs associated with recruitment and training of new employees. Work-life programs also prov ide the organisation with much less overhead costs that is sustained through employees working from home (Beauregard and Henry 2009). In a business where employees are not offered work-life programs, such as telecommuting, businesses must absorb a variety of costs, including office supplies, utilisation of electric services, telephony, and many other administrative costs. By having employees work from home, businesses can reduce their daily operational expenses, thereby satisfying budget concerns. This is a positive outcome from an organisation perspective, especially

Governing business activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Governing business activity - Essay Example A firm is an arrangement of individuals, resources – both physical, as well as financial and a great deal of information. They exist to carry out various constructive tasks in the society, through production and distribution of goods and services. These tasks are accomplished by utilizing society’s resources such as land, labor, capital and providing adequate profits for the work done, in return (Hirschey, 2009). Smaller firms are usually managed by a single owner, who is in charge of all the key decisions made and hence are more likely to dominate the decisions in their favor, by taking decisions which are profitable to them. Thus, both the short term as well as long term goals of a smaller firm could be profit maximization alone. Larger firms on the other hand, are owned by the shareholders but managed by "business managers" who are in charge of all key decision making within the company. Thus, as compared to smaller firms, the larger firms may deviate from the conventional profit maximization objective, to pursue other equally important goals such as sustainable development, improving quality of their products, environmental protection etc. which are in the larger interest of the society as a whole. However, such goals are merely short term objectives, as objectives other than profit maximization may serve the community at large, but it does not help the firm in sustaining its competitive positioning in the industry. Furthermore, under the Corporate Social Responsibility agenda, which has recently gained widespread popularity and acceptance, it is considered obligatory for firms, to contribute towards development of the society as a whole rather than pursuing their selfish motives of earning profits. But according to Sternberg (2000, Pp. 41): â€Å"The Social Responsibility of any business is to increase its Profits. For any

The English commonwealth and its effect on Caribbean Nations Essay

The English commonwealth and its effect on Caribbean Nations - Essay Example Bakker-Mitchell, noted educator at Florida A & M, discusses education as it existed in the Colonial era and urges more attention to foreign language teaching and learning in a growing global community. She notes that in the 1960s most of the countries in the English speaking Caribbean received their independence. Before this time, education in the Caribbean was geared for life in Britain. Textbooks were of British origin and students were familiar with the conversion table that indicated how many cents equalled one shilling--the pounds, shillings and pence table--even though dollars and cents were used in the country and very little in school readers related to the lives of persons in the Caribbean.Bakker-Mitchell is from what was British Guiana, now Guyana, which is a member of the British Commonwealth. This article is valuable as a contrast between the years of British rule and the current independent rule in most Caribbean countries, with its present stress on language as part of Caribbean, not British, culture. Bakker-Mitchell considers it extremely important for students in English speaking Caribbean to become fluent in the languages of their neighboring countries and is concerned that this is not a priority. In the development of the Caribbean, she considers education a major priority.Cateau H. and Pemberton, R. Beyond Tradition: Reinterpreting the Caribbean Historical Experience (Essays). Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 2006. Cateau and Pemberton selected a group of essays intended to re-interpret Caribbean history from the 18th through the 20th centuries, replacing the 'objective' view with a 'subjective' view of the region. One essay, "Nineteenth-Twentieth Century Trinidad and Tobago," will be useful as a comparison between Jamaica and Trinidad. The overall focus of the book on Caribbean identity and people gives a more realistic view of the area, moving away from the sugar plantation. Another essay looks at the role of Britain as a key trade center fr om the 18th to the 19th centuries, not just in the Caribbean, but throughout the whole English Atlantic. Cateau and Pemberton are lecturers at the University of West Indies, with Cateau specializing in economic history, while Pemberton's specialty is health and environment history. Federal Research Division. 1987. Commonwealth of Caribbean Islands. Library of Congress. Online. Available: 11 June 2006. A paper on the effects of the British Commonwealth on the development and under-development of the English-speaking Caribbean requires studying the specific areas and comparing them to determine what changes must be made to encourage growth. The Library of Congress Country Studies series gives a detailed, online, chapter-by-chapter overview of the Commonwealth of the Caribbean, with Chapter 2 covering Jamaica and Chapter 3 covering Trinidad and Tobago, two very contrasting areas. Jamaica is dependent on agriculture and tourism, while Trinidad is important as an oil-supplier. Other countries included in this topic are the Windward Islands and Barbados, the Leeward Islands and the Northern Islands. As a foundation, this source is recommended. History of Jamaica. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Online. Available: Last modified 9 June 2006. 11 June 2006. Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia with researched articles that can be edited. Even so, the information in these articles is for the most part verifiable and easy to read with links to various related subjects. Since Jamaica is one of the most visible countries in the English speaking Caribbean, it has importance in a study of culture, economy and politics. Although it would be easy to see what is called the English Commonwealth as a single

Analyzing the Similarities between “Hymn to the Aton” and “Psalm 104” Essay Example for Free

Analyzing the Similarities between â€Å"Hymn to the Aton† and â€Å"Psalm 104† Essay The thought that two different works of art written by authors of different countries, different backgrounds, living eight hundred years apart and centering on religion—more [specifically] their portrayal of God and how he is like the sun—[being similar] would [be] deem[ed] [as] impossible [or not likely by many]. [However,] the poems [â€Å"]Hymn to the Aton[† by Akhenaton] and [â€Å"]Psalm 104[† by David are examples of] this very occurrence. [Some scholars assert] that either the latter was copied from the former or that these two works are the result of a cultural split, [due to the] vast difference of [similar] elements [and subject matter that the poems share. ] the poems were fostered within, their similarities in content, and that the poems could not have been creative coincidence. The benefits in understanding that these works have some connection, whether by plagiarism or cultural dissect, provides scholars with more knowledge about the world we live in, helps to decipher some of the myths and mysteries of other cultures with similarities and shows the public all cultures may not be as different from each other as we think, helps to show that propaganda has been used since the earliest of times, and that if societies do not document their findings or creations people will eventually circle back and rediscover them. Collectively, if applied to the modern world, these benefits will advances in many fields of academia and help society at large to become more critical thinkers and problem solvers. [Based on your body paragraphs, I have simplified your thesis map to the following:] [The three clearest similarities of the two poems include their similar discussion of the power of the sun or the notion of the sun as a symbol for the power of God, the similarities of the daily activities of the two cultures and their link to their God, and the emphasis of monotheism.] [Now, provide one or two sentences that explain what current societal issue can be resolved or lessened through the realization of the similarity of these two poems.] The contrast between Hymn to the Aton and Psalm 104 are numerous. Hymn was written by Pharaoh Amenhotep IV around 1300 B.C.E. in order to help support his efforts to convert all of Egypt to monotheism and worship of the Sun, which called Aton. [First, it is uncanny the manner in which both poets use the sun as a point of reference for their God]. In [â€Å"Hymn to the Aton† Akhenaton proclaims] the actual Sun [as] god. â€Å"Thou living Aton the beginning of life!Creator of seed in women, Thou who makes fluid into man, Who maintainest the son in the womb of this mother..† In the psalm, King David writes how God created the sun [to] reflect His greatness. [Provide a quote from â€Å"Psalm 104† that shows David discussing the sun.] â€Å"LORD my God, you are very great; you are clothe with splendor and majesty†¦ But at your rebuke the waters fled, at the sound of your thunder they took flight†. King David’s poem was written about eight hundred years after the hymn and David does not mention much about himself, instead he praises the Lord. â€Å"I will sing to the LORD all my life; I will sing praise to my God as long as I live.† Based on the time and purpose of these poems, they could not have been coincidence, that the poems are similar, there had to have been a purposeful connection between them. [While there are slight variations of how the sun is used, in both poems the writers explain how the sun meets the needs of the people and how that act is a symbol of the greatness and goodness of God.] Understanding this connection helps us to discover more and develop our perception about the world around us. [How so? Explain how it can benefit one group of people to be able to realize similarities with another group of people with whom they have historically seen no connection.] [Next, both poems] list almost identical daily activities in the exact order throughout the works. â€Å"[Provide quotes from both poems.]† Many of these [similarities] seem to be paraphrased and suggest that these writing come from the same source like two eye witness accounts of the same crime. After understanding the differences in the author’s cultures, religions, and time periods these similarities support the claim that the works are connected either by plagiarism or cultural split. This helps [readers] to realize that many cultures may not be as different from one another as [people often] think. [Yes, and how can this realization help our culture or society? What societal issue or problem can be solved or lessened with this realization?] Based upon detailed examination [of] the similarities of the [poems, many scholars assert that the shared elements, especially the support of monotheism, are not] by coincidence. [Provide a quote supporting monotheism from both poems.] Some researchers suggest that Hebrews fleeing from Egypt before the time of Moses, some of them wondered into temples where the hymn was written, and has the walked along the hymn was one songs they sang and it was carried throughout the generations, but not that the psalm is not a plagiarism of the hymn, this only leaves the notion that there was a cultural split. We are not sure at this point how the works are linked, [While scholars disagree on which group influenced the other into embracing monotheism, it is clear that a cultural exchange occurred between the two groups. Thus, this realization of the similarity is another example for scientists and anthropologists showing that cultures have always exchanged ideas. This exchange of ideas becomes even more interesting when we realize that the Jews were enslaved by the Egyptians.] but it could definitely give more light and support to how scientist and anthropologist other academic researchers and make strides in their fields, help us to understand how cultures are linked across the board. [Explain how discovering that these two ancient cultures exchanged ideas can provide a blueprint or inspiration for current cultures and how that blueprint or inspiration can help those cultures solve or lessen a current societal issue.] After deep analysis s of these two poems it is clear that one is either copied from the other or [that there was some mutual exchange of cultural ideas] at some point in history. [Using the two poems to realize this occurrence] helps historians and scientists to make deductions about connections [to] other cultures, [allowing more people to better understand the surrounding world]. [Yes, now explain how society can improve if more people are able to understand and connect to the surrounding world or the people surrounding them

Analysis of Drug Delivery Systems

Analysis of Drug Delivery Systems INTRODUTION SECTION 1.1: ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM A drug delivery system is defined as a formulation or a device that can be introduce the therapeutic or pharmaceutical substance in to the body and improves the efficacy and safety of substance by controlling the time, rate and place of drug release in the body. Drug delivery system is an interface between the patient and the drug. It may be a formulation of drug to administer it for a therapeutic or medical reason or a device used drug delivery. Oral drug delivery system is most desirable, preferable and suitable route for the administration of therapeutic and pharmaceutical agents for administration. Historically the oral route of drug administration has been the one used most for both conventional as well as the novel drug delivery. The reasons for this preference are obvious because of ease of administration. Oral drug delivery is the most desirable, suitable and preferred method of administering therapeutic agents for their systemic effects. The oral medication is mostly conside red as the first investigation in the development and discovery of new drug molecules and pharmaceutical preparations, mainly because of acceptance by the patients, convenience, and cost effective manufacturing process. For many drug substances conventional immediate release formulations provide clinically and therapeutically effective therapy while maintaining the required level of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles with acceptable level of safety to the patient. Multiple unit dosage forms such as microspheres or micro beads have gained in popularity as oral drug delivery systems because of high uniformity of the drug distribution in the gastrointestinal tract, better drug absorption, minimized local irritation and elimination of unwanted intestinal retention of polymers and other excipients, when compared to non-disintegrating single unit dosage form.2 SECTION 1.2: CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM A wide variety of newer oral drug delivery systems like sustained/controlled release dosage forms are designed and evaluated in order to overcome the limitations of conventional therapy. These products are able to maintain steady drug plasma levels for extended periods of time as a result the variations of the drug levels in the blood are prevented and minimized drug related side effects.3 The controlled release drug delivery systems are aimed at controlling the rate of drug delivery, sustaining the time period of therapeutic activity and targeting the drug delivery to a tissue. Drug release from these systems should be at a desired rate, predictable and reproducible. Among the various approaches for controlled systems, microencapsulation process and microcapsules have gained good acceptance as a process to achieve controlled release and drug targeting.4 The goal in designing sustained or controlled delivery system is to reduce the frequency of dosing or to increase the effectiveness of the drug by localization at the site action, reducing the dose required, or providing uniform drug delivery.5 Of growing interest generally in the world of oral drug delivery is colon-targeted delivery for treatment of both local and systemic conditions. It is recognised that this region of the Gastrointestinal tract offers advantages over the stomach and small intestine, e.g. milder pH, lower enzymatic activity, lower bile salt concentrations, longer residence time and slower turnover of the mucus layer. For biopharmaceutical delivery, it also appears to offer the benefit of allowing greater functioning of absorption enhancers, thus allowing reasonable bioavailability of drugs such as peptides which would normally be poorly absorbed from the GI tract.6 Controlled release systems are used in the improvement of the effectiveness of drug therapy. These systems modify several parameters of the drug: the release profile and capacity to cross biological carriers (depending on the size of the particle), biodistribution, clearance, and stability (metabolism), among others. In other words, the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of the drug are modified by these formulations. Controlled release offers numerous advantages over conventional dosage forms. This approach increases therapeutic activity and decreases side effects, thus reducing the number of drug dosages required during treatment. Controlled release methods offer an appropriate tool for site-specific and time-controlled drug delivery. There are two main situations in which the distribution and time-controlled delivery of a drug can be beneficial- When the natural distribution of the drug causes major side effects due to its interaction with other tissues. When the natural drug distribution does not allow it to reach its molecular site of action due to degradation. Many different kinds of drugs can benefit from distribution or time-controlled delivery, such as anti-inflammatory agents, antibiotics, chemotherapeutic drugs, immunosuppressants, anesthetics and vaccines.7 1.2.1: Advantages of oral controlled release formulations Oral controlled drug delivery has been widely preferred in research because of its large number of benefits over conventional dosage forms, some of which are as follows: The frequency of dosing is less due to drug being released for a longer duration of time than conventional dosage form. This is highly valuable for the patients with chronic disease and illnesses which required to maintaining the plasma concentrations of a drug within the range of therapeutic effects to avoid breakthrough symptoms. The reduction or avoidance of side effects due to high plasma drug concentrations or ‘dose dumping’. Improvement of the patient compliance because of reduced dosing. Better control on the concentration of therapeutic drug in body. Cost effective manufacturing as the amount of dose required per patient would be reduced as compared to its conventional dosage form.8 SECTION 1.3: COATING OF FORMULATION Coating is defined as a process by which dosage form is covered with an essentially dry, outer layer of coating material by applying it on the surface of a formulation or dosage form for specific benefits that broadly ranges from improving product identification to modifying the release of the drug from the formulation. After making a good formulation, one must often coat it for many benefits. There are five reasons for putting such a coating on a pharmaceutical formulation: Protection of active pharmaceutical ingredients, from the acidic environment of the stomach (e.g. enzymes and certain antibiotics). To prevent gastric distress or nausea from a drug due to irritation (e.g. sodium salicylate ). For the delivery of drugs that are optimally absorbed in the small intestine to their primary absorption site in their most concentrated form. To provide a delayed/sustained release of drug substance for repeat action. Required for minimizing first pass metabolism of drugs.19 1.3.1: Coating material The coating material should be capable of forming a film that is cohesive with the materials required for coating, should be chemically compatible with the material and must be non reactive with the core material and provide the desired coating properties such as strength, impermeability, optical properties stability and flexibility. When coating is done by microencapsulation techniques the size of thickness of coating is in microscopic units. A number of different substances both non-biodegradable and biodegradable have been investigated for the formulation of microcapsules. These materials include the polymers of synthetic natural and origin and also modified natural substances. Some of the polymers used in the preparation of the microcapsules are classified and listed. 1.3.2: Ideal properties of an enteric coating material Resistance from the gastric fluids Permeable/Susceptible to the intestinal fluid Should be compatibility with the most components of coating solution and the substrates of the drug Formation of uniform and continuous film Cheap, nontoxic and easy to apply Provide ability in readily printed19 1.3.3: EUDRAGIT S100 Eudragit S100 is anionic copolymers based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate. The IUPAC name of edragit S100 is Poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate). Eudragit S100 contains 30% of methacrylic units and dissolves at pH values higher than 7.0. Eudragit S100 is suitable coating agent for controlled and colon targeted drug delivery system.10 Eudragit S100 is an effective and stable enteric coating agent with fast dissolution in upper bowl. It is generally accepted that pH7 is not normally reached until at least the distal small bowel/ileocaecal region; thus drug release from formulations coated with Eudragit S100 is likely to commence at the junction between the small intestine and colon, continuing into the colon.6 SECTION 1.4: NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMATORY DRUGS Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered to be the first-line drugs in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis and osteoarthritis. Aceclofenac is one of the emerging NSAID molecules for the treatment of arthritis. Aceclofenac is a new derivative of diclofenac and has less gastrointestinal complications. All drugs grouped in this class have analgesic, antipyretic antiinflammatory action in different measures. They do not depress CNS, do not produce the physical dependence, are weaker analgesics and have no abuse liability. They are more commonly employed and many are over-the-counter drugs.21 1.4.1: ACECLOFENAC Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, widely used in the management of osteoarthritis, ankylosing, rheumatoid arthritis and spondylitis. Usual therapeutic dose is 100 mg twice daily and half life is 3-4 hrs; thus it is necessary to be administered frequently in order to maintain the desired concentration. 1.4.2: MECHANISM OF ACTION Aceclofenac drug acts as non selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzyme(COX). It inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1) and cyclooxygense-2 (COX-2) isoenzymes. COX catalyses the formation of prostaglandin and thromboxane from archidonic acid. Prostaglandins act like messenger molecules in the process of pain and inflammation. Aceclofenac also have antipyretic activity and be used in treatment of pyrexiya. The reason of fever is the elevation in the levels of PGE2. Aceclofenac inhibits the biosynthesis of PGE2 within the hypothalamus to reduce the fever. Archidonic acid is precursor substrate for COX which helps to lead the production of prostaglandins F, D and E.22 SECTION 1.5: MICROENCAPSULATION Microencapsulation is a rapidly expanding technology for the preparation of formulatios in which drug is present as core material covered by polymer. As a process, it is a means applying relatively a thin coating to small solid particles or liquids droplets and dispersions. Microencapsulation is arbitrarily differentiated from macro-coating techniques in that the farmer involves the coating of particles is in the range between several tenths of a micron to 5000 microns in size.23 Microencapsulation is process by which thin coating can be applied reproducibly to small solids particles or liquid droplets or dispersions or even gases are encapsulated into micro sonic particles. Particle size range dimensionally from 1 Â µm to 1000 Â µm.9 Particulate drug delivery system are gaining more prominence in recent years because they uniformly distribute in the GIT there by improve the bioavailability of the drugs and also reduces the local irritation. Due to attractive properties and wider applications of microparticles, their application in controlled release formulation is appropriate. Microencapsulation is a rapidly expanding technology. Microencapsulation helps in converting the liquids into the solids, altering colloidal and surface properties of formulation, in providing environmental and external protection and in controlling the release behaviour or availability of coated materials. 1.5.1: Applications of microencapsulation In the development and the design of controlled and sustained release dosage form. Alteration in site of absorption. To mask the taste of bitter drugs. To provide the protection to the core material from atmospheric effects. To minimize gastric and other GIT irritation. In the preparation of free flowing powder formulations from drugs in liquid forms. Stabilization of drugs which are sensitive to moisture, light or oxygen. In the elimination of incompatibilities among drugs. Prevention of volatile drugs from vaporization. Reduction of toxicity. To reduce hygroscopicity. Alteration in site of absorption. 1.5.2: MICROENCAPSULATION BY IONOTROPIC GELATION METHOD Alginates have ability to form gels by reaction with calcium salts. Alginic acid is composed of D-mannuronic acid and L-gluronic acid residues at varying proportions of GG-, MM- and MG- blocks. When suspension of alginate is added drop by drop to the solution of calcium salt, crosslinking takes place between the carboxylate residue of GG- blocks and Ca+2 ions via egg-box model to give a tight gel network structure. This method is called ionotropic gelation method because in this process the anion of alginate and cation of calcium salt (mostly Ca+2ion) crosslinked to form a gel. These gels resemble a solid retaining their shape, resisting stress and consist of almost 100% water. It has been suggested that the cross-links are caused by simple ionic bridging of two carboxyl groups on adjacent polymer chain via calcium ions or by chelating of single calcium ions by hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on each a pair of polymer chains.24 In this method strong spherical beads with a narrow range particle size distribution and lower friability could be prepared. Beads formed by this method have high yield and drug content. The flow properties of micronized of needle like drug crystals can be improved by the help of agglomeration technique as compared to the non-agglomerated drug crystals. The ionic character of the polymers results from pH dependent disintegration of the beads. SECTION 1.6: GEL BEADS Gel beads are defined as spherical structure in which drug is present in the core of beads. Different types of gel beads can be prepared by using various techniques. Gel beads help in the slow dissolution of drug hence slowdown the release of drug, thus results in improvement of bioavailability of drug. 1.6.1: APPLICATIONS GEL BEADS Stomach specific drug delivery using floating alginate gel beads A multiple unit type oral floating dosage form of many drug have been developed in recent years. Drugs like riboflavin, ranitidine, diclofenac sodium were formulated to prolong the gastric residence time and increase bioavailability. Colon targeting Beads of various drugs have been formulated and further coated with enteric polymers for colon targeting. Protein drug delivery In recent years many formulations have been prepared for protein drug molecules for site specific release of protein in the intestine. Microbeads as inoculants and carriers for plant growth-promoting bacteria Beads of various bacteria are developed in recent years to promote the growth of plants. The release of bacteria from the microbeads depends on its type (wet or dry) and the time of incubation (the longer the incubation time, the smaller the extent of bacteria released with time). Enzyme immobilization Enzymes are immobilized by formation ofdehydrated gel beads for use in non-aqueous enzymatic reactions by having an average particle size of 5 to 150 microns.